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Kurioza naukowe / Scientific curiosities ISSN 1176-7545; rok VIII; No 1714 |
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Jedno zdumienie dziennie... |
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Jak palindromy ratują
rodzaj męski.
Wiadomo, że płeć męska u ssaków jest bardzo pokrzywdzona pod względem genetycznym (nie upośledzona, nie!). Nie tylko że w każdej populacji jest zawsze trzykrotnie więcej chromosomów X (odpowiedzialnych za żeńskość osobnika), ale chromosomy męskie Y są znacznie mniejsze i bardzo ubogie w geny. Stosunek 3X : 1Y wynika stąd, że każda samica musi posiadać dwa chromosomy X, a każdy samiec, oprócz chromosomu Y, posiada także jeden chromosom X. Chromosomy odpowiedzialne za płeć są bardzo różne pod względem morfologicznym, co widoczne jest na fotografii. W przeciwieństwie do chromosomu X, chromosom Y jest rozgałęziony. Różnicowanie to rozpoczęło się około 300 milionów lat temu i wtedy też zaczęła się genetyczna, informacyjna degrengolada chromosomu Y.
Dwadzieścia dwie pary chromosomów człowieka może
dokonywać tzw homologicznej rekombinacji. Chromosomy
homologiczne czynią to w mejozie, kiedy to uszkodzone geny
mają możliwość
dokonania naprawy na wzór nieuszkodzonego genu z
homologicznego partnera. Nie mają tej możliwości
chromosomy płciowe Y, które tylko w części mają
odcinki zdolne do rekombinacji na wzór chromosomu X. Chromosom Y jest rozgałęziony
i rekombinacja w tej części odpowiedzialnej za cechy płciowe
nie następuje ponieważ nie ma
homologicznego odcinka w chromosomie X. I tak, stopniowo, poszczególne
nie reperowane geny wypadały z genomu. W wyniku tego
obecnie
chromosom X składa się z 165 Mb (1 Mb - megabase = milion
par nukleotydów, liter alfabetu genetycznego), podczas
gdy chromosom Y jest prawie trzy razy mniejszy (51 Mb).
Jeszcze większe uszczuplenie nastąpiło w ilości genów.
O ile chromosom X zawiera 1438 genów, w chromosomie Y
jest tylko 45 genów. Sądzi się, że
to skutek braku mechanizmu reperacji. Co więcej, genowi
temu od milionów lat grozi zagłada, palindromy
podtrzymują jego istnienie. ---------------------- How
palindromes rescue the male sex. It is known that the male sex among the mammals is very disadvantaged genetically (though not handicapped!). This is not only because in every population there are always three times more chromosomes X (responsible for the femaleness of the individual), but the male Y chromosomes are appreciably smaller and poorly equipped in genes. The ratio 3X:1Y arises because every female must possess two X chromosomes, while every male, besides the Y chromosome, must also possess one X chromosome. The chromosomes responsible for determining the sex of the individual are morphologically very different, as is seen on the photo. As distinct from the X chromosome, the Y chromosome is ‘branched’. The differentiation began some 300 million years ago and then began also the decay of the Y chromosome. [ill.] The twenty two pairs of human chromosomes can carry out the so-called homologous recombination. The homologuous chromosomes do this during meiosis, when the damaged genes have the chance to carry out repairs by copying the undamaged gene of the homologous partner. This is not possible for the Y chromosome, which only partially possess sections capable of re-combining in imitation of partner X. Chromosome Y is branched, and recombination of the section responsible for sexual characteristics does not occur because there is no homologous section in the X chromosome. And thus, gradually, individual unrepaired genes were lost to the genome. As the result the chromosome X now consists of 165 Mb (1 Mb – megabase = million pairs of nucleotides, the letters of the genetic alphabet), while chromosome Y is nearly three times smaller (51 Mb). An even more significant impoverishment has occurred in the number of genes. Chromosome X contains 1438 genes, but the chromosome Y only 45. It appears that this is the result of the loss of the repair mechanism. Further, this gene has been for millions of years threatened with extinction, and only palindromes are responsible for its continued existence. It has been proved that of those 51 million letters (Mb) of chromosome Y as many as 6 million are palindromes. The longest of the palindromic fragments contains 3 Mb. Expressing it in printed text results in several thick tomes. (The longest palindrome created by a Newzealander contains ‘only’ some 55000 signs, 11000 words) The repair of damaged genes in the Y chromosome takes place only due to the existence of palindromic copies of genes located in the particular branchings of the chromosome. What two chromosomes do each to each exchanging the genetic material of all the 22 pairs, the Y chromosome ‘does to itself’! And only for this reason the loss of genes in the male chromosome occurs with the speed of 4.6 genes every million years. If not for palindromes, the decay would have been faster and most likely the male sex gene among mammals would have disappeared! Ladies, you owe your having a man only to palindromes! Thanks to the palindromes, the chromosome Y, at the current speed of loss, has only 10 million years left before it. But what the results due to the progressive vanishing of the Y chromosome will be, during and at end of the process, is unknown. It can be said though that the male sex exists to-date due to genetic palindromes.Taking a longer view, it is known that men are not necessary, women are capable of carrying out all the genetic duties, which is also indicated by most recent experiments in genetic manipulation. It is worth noting that the palindromic biochemistry of genetic material has become the subject of much research after the deciphering of the human genotype and the accompanying deciphering of the genotypes of many species of animals and plants. One result of these studies are some rather disquieting conclusions about the frequency of palindromes in cancer cells. What is the function of these palindromes? So far, this is unknown, but the matter requires a separate investigation. (next note) [QZE02::009];[QEP50::270][QEP50::020];[QEP50::273][QEP50::274];[RIO86::022];[QEP15::072]
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