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Kurioza naukowe / Scientific curiosities ISSN 1176-7545; rok VIII; No 1713 |
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Jedno zdumienie dziennie... |
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Palindromy
biochemiczne. Teraz już wiadomo na pewno, że wszystkie znane nam procesy życiowe, przynajmniej na
naszej ziemi, oparte są na egzekwowaniu informacji
zawartej w kwasach nukleinowych (DNA, RNA) i realizowanych w
białkach, przy tym rola białek enzymatycznych jest
absolutnie podstawowa. Z informacyjnego punktu widzenia
nitki DNA, RNA czy białka są niczym innym niż tekstem
złożonym z zasad nukleinowych czy aminokwasów. Jak w
każdym tekście, poszczególne literki, wyrazy czy
zdania mogą ulec deformacji czy zniszczeniu przekształcając
czy wręcz uniemożliwiając przekazywanie informacji i
funkcjonowanie łańcucha informacyjnego. A na czynniki
mogące zniszczyć łańcuch informacyjny 'biologiczne
teksty' narażone są od miliardów lat, jak tylko zaczęły
funkcjonować kwasy nukleinowe w organizmach żywych.
Promienie jonizujące, promienie ultrafioletowe,
czynniki chemiczne i fizyczne bez przerwy ingerowały w
skuteczność przepływu strumienia informacji. Oczywiście nikt nie
może powiedzieć kiedy dokładnie życie zaczęło bazować na kwasach nukleinowych.
Sądzić jednak można, że pierwociny życia zjawiły
się na ziemi dobrze ponad trzy i pół miliarda lat
temu i nie mogło się to dziać bez przekazywania
informacji. Nie znamy innych naturalnych systemów
informacyjnych które by mogły spełniać funkcję nośników
informacji w organizmach żywych, jak tylko wyżej wymienione. Oczywiście dla
zachowania życia istotna jest niezawodność przepływu
informacji z jednego etapu procesu biochemicznego
na inny etap jak i z pokolenia na pokolenie.
W zafałdowanej postaci będzie
to: Szczegółowo przebadano występowanie i wykorzystywanie palindromowych kopii w chromosomie Y - odpowiedzialnym za drugorzędowe męskie cechy płciowe.
Palindromy genetyczne znaleziono w wielu układach biologicznych, być może właśnie one uzasadniające istnienie tzw 'junk DNA', a w każdym razie przyczyniają się do trwania rodu męskiego, o czym w następnej notce. --------------------------- Biochemical
palindromes It is now established as certain that nearly all known life processes, at least on our globe, are based on the carrying out of information contained in nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) and realized in the proteins, with the role of enzyme proteins being absolutely fundamental. Considering these as information bearers, the DNA, RNA and protein threads are nothing other than a text made up of nucleic bases or aminoacids. As in any text, the individual letters, words, or sentences may be subject to deformation or destruction, thus transforming, or indeed rendering impossible the transfer of information and the functioning of the information chain. As soon as the nucleic acids began functioning in living organisms , the ‘biological texts’ became exposed for billions of years to factors which could destroy the information chain. Ionising radiation, ultraviolet rays, chemical and physical factors have ceaselessly interfered with the efficiency of the transfer of the information stream. No one can say, of course, exactly when life became based on nucleic acids. It can, however, be deduced that the beginnings of life on earth had occurred well over a three and half billion years ago and could not take place without the transfer of information. We know of no other natural information systems which could fulfil the function of information carriers in living organisms than the above mentioned. The reliability of the transfer of information from one stage of the biochemical process to the next stage, and from one generation to the next, is of course essential for continuance of life. The surest method of protecting against accidental and random damage is access to the appropriate number of correct copies of the text. The likelihood of damage occurring in the same location of the text in various copies is thus greatly reduced. Nature took advantage of this fact. The genome carries within itself copies of the most important information. And what is astounding is that palindromes have served to achieve this aim. It is possible that besides storing the ‘hard copies’ of the information, the fact that the palindrome contains the identical information, but arranged in another order, protects it against the damage factors ‘hunting’ for some specific sequence of nucleotides (my speculation). We have here the most practical utilization of the palindrome – not as a game, but of cardinal importance for the entire living world. As an example, a genetic palindrome can be presented as follows. Let us assume, that there is a nucleic thread with the sequence: TCTTGACATTACAGTTCT If a ‘bend’ occurs in the middle of the above expression, and the second half is overlaid over the preceding one, the following arrangement will result, retaining its continuity: TCTTGACAT and in this folded section every nucleotide adjoins the identical nucleotide on the same DNA thread. But the folding is not the only thing here. If, for whatever reason, the original thread is damaged , e.g. by loss of a ‘letter’, or it becoming ‘illegible’, the palindrome will lose its symmetry:
In its ‘folded’ form this will become:
TCTTGACAT This may occur through uncontrolled chemical changes, ionizing radiation, poisons, etc. (and then we speak of mutation). But nothing is lost. If one of these sequences correctly represents the gene, an improvement may result. A repair of the damage may take place, through the choice of the corrected version as a pattern. (How the organism knows which is the correct version, and which is the damaged one, in a case when what happens is only the replacement of one nucleotide by another, and not damage to it, I do not know. But no doubt geneticists do. Various ‘micromutations’ may result from ‘ignorance’ in the making of a choice, sometimes useful, but usually not. (Again, this is my speculation) What has been examined in detail is the performance and the exploitation of palindromic copies in the chromosome Y, which is responsible for secondary male characteristics. [ill.] Genetic palindromes have been located in many biological orders? arrangements?, and perhaps these substantiate the existence of the so-called ‘junk DNA’, and in any case they contribute to the survival of the male gender, about which more in the next note. [QZE02::009][QEP50::274] |
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